| Heinrich Pflanzl as the barber & Rudolf Schock as his victim (Berlin 1951) |
SICK with LOVE !
That is how Nureddin feels. He is the central figure in Peter Cornelius's comic opera *Der Barbier von Bagdad* (1858).
In his biography, Rudolf Schock highlights the "unforgettably enchanting" Berlin premiere of this opera in 1951. On his final opera LP—which had an autobiographical tone—titled *For my Friends* (1978), he also recalls (and not by coincidence) the Cornelius aria "Ach, das Leid hab' ich getragen." Schock must have loved singing the role of Nureddin. It was a missed opportunity that Electrola did not record the complete *Barbier von Bagdad* with the young Schock in the early 1950s. However, Electrola/EMI did release a version of Nureddin's aria "Vor deinem Fenster die Blumen" in late 1961.
In 1985, at the age of 70, Schock lived to see Acanta release two separate radio-recorded excerpts on LP. Yet three (!) complete radio performances—from 1951, 1952, and 1957, respectively—remained locked away in broadcasting archives. And not even entirely securely, for the 1951 recording was actually presumed to have been erased.
It was not until the 1990s that the 1952 performance was released on CD, followed in 2002—surprisingly—by the 1951 recording that had been thought lost. Enthusiastic as I was about that single Electrola/EMI recording from 1961, it was these "new" old *Barbiers* that truly delighted me: they prove that the madly in love Nureddin represents a forgotten star turn for Rudolf Schock. Schock recorded three Christmas songs by Peter Cornelius in 1964. They appeared on Schock's Christmas album (originally released on LP, later on CD) from that same year and have remained continuously available till now.
PETER CORNELIUS (Mainz 1824 – Mainz 1874)
His father, Karl Cornelius, was an actor, while his uncle, Peter von Cornelius, was an esteemed painter. Peter Cornelius also aspired to a career in the theater. However, after his father’s death—when the twenty-year-old Peter went to live with his famous uncle—he changed course and began studying music.
He became a music teacher and worked as a music critic for various journals; in this capacity, he met the pianist, composer, and conductor Franz Liszt (see photo).At the same time, he—like Anton Bruckner—developed a deep admiration for Richard Wagner.
In 1856, Peter Cornelius composed a *Weihnachtslieder-Zyklus* (Christmas Song Cycle, Opus 8) set to his own lyrics. The six songs (three of which Rudolf Schock recorded) garnered widespread acclaim.
His opera *The Barber of Baghdad* premiered in Weimar on December 15, 1858; however, the charm and humor of both the music and the lyrics were completely lost amidst a raucous uproar surrounding the evening's conductor, Franz Liszt. Liszt had long been at odds with the theater's artistic director, and the premiere of *The Barber of Baghdad* became the very occasion seized upon by factions from both camps to fight out their differences—at the expense of the unfortunate Peter Cornelius. After that evening, Franz Liszt never performed in Weimar again, and a shocked Peter Cornelius withdrew his *Barber*, stowing it away in some cupboard or—to stay true to the spirit of the *Barber* libretto—a coffin, never to look at it again. He must have concluded that the scandal was (at least in part) attributable to the qualities of his opera itself.
Almost a century and a half later, many opera lovers consider *Der Barbier von Bagdad* a "forgotten masterpiece" (Riemens). The notion that the Wagner enthusiast Peter Cornelius was influenced by the German opera giant when composing his theatrical work has also been dispelled. Cornelius maintained a respectful distance, pursued his own musical path, and—in the character of the barber Abul Hassan—even seemed to poke fun at Wagner.
Cornelius moved to Vienna and composed another opera, *Der Cid*, which—ironically—premiered successfully in Weimar. He also wrote a number of songs for solo voice and choir, including the beautiful *Requiem: Seele, vergiss sie nicht* (1863), set to a text by the playwright and poet Friedrich Hebbel; this work was composed to mark Hebbel's death that same year. In 1865, Richard Wagner brought the highly revered Cornelius to Munich, where he was appointed Professor of Rhetoric and Harmony at the Royal Bavarian Conservatory. On October 26, 1874—not yet fifty years old—Peter Cornelius died in the same city where his short life had begun in 1824. Peter Cornelius does not even appear in some opera reference works. It often seems that modest people are destined to settle for a place on the sidelines. Yet there are always music lovers who seek out precisely those margins and discover riches there.
'Der Barbier von Bagdad'
is a German *opéra comique*. Mozart's *Die Entführung aus dem Serail* (1782) and Carl Maria von Weber's *Abu Hassan* (1811) likely served as sources of inspiration for Cornelius. It is noteworthy that *Der Barbier* is a comic opera that lacks the spoken dialogue typical of the genre. Peter Cornelius structured the work as a through-composed opera—both textually and musically—originally consisting of one single act. Franz Liszt (to whom Cornelius dedicated *Der Barbier*) advised him to expand it to two acts. He also assisted in choosing between the two overtures Cornelius had composed for the opera.
The fairy-tale plot is based on a story from *One Thousand and One Nights*; through the character of the 'self-taught universal genius Abul Hassan Ali Ebn Bekar,' Peter Cornelius appears to gently and ironically poke fun at Richard Wagner—the 'total artist' who overshadowed everyone and everything else. However, the actual protagonist is the young hothead Nureddin, who is madly in love with Margiana. Just as Nureddin finally gets the chance to meet her, he decides to have a quick shave first. That 'quick shave' turns into an extremely frustrating, interminable (though amusing for the audience) encounter with the blustering Abul Hassan, a man who takes himself very seriously. Abul keeps getting in Nureddin's way and even appears as a raving nuisance outside the window of the room where Nureddin and Margiana are declaring their love for one another. But, of course, everything ends well: Nureddin and Margiana live happily ever after. Abul is captured and sentenced to spend the rest of his life telling fairy tales at the Caliph's court.
Liszt conducts the premiere, which gets out of hand. Cornelius is finished with the *Barber*. Two years after his death, the work is performed once more in Hanover, but it fails to find success there either. In 1882, the Wagnerian conductor Felix Mottl (1856–1911) condenses the work into a single act. He gives the orchestration Wagnerian characteristics and plans to use Cornelius's second overture (in D major, 6/8 time) for the new premiere, which he intends to conduct himself. The advantage of this is that the overture clearly foreshadows the music of the opera itself, whereas the first overture (in B minor, 3/4 time) is more detached from the opera. Felix Mottl conducts the opera in Karlsruhe on February 1, 1884, and the Cornelius/Mottl version of the *Barber* goes on to be performed in Germany for the next two decades. Later, the original Cornelius/Liszt version comes back into play in Weimar, despite the fact that Cornelius's widow refuses to make the original score available "out of respect for her husband's memory." However, the original score is reconstructed using the orchestral parts from the first performance, and it premieres in Weimar for the second time on June 10, 1904. It appears that the opera was subsequently performed in both versions from time to time. In 1922, the Berlin State Opera suddenly achieves a popular success with *The Barber of Baghdad*, using the lighter, original Cornelius/Liszt version. Yet even then, the *Barber* eventually fades into the background again. However, shortly after World War II, it was given a new lease on life: in late 1949, the work was revived for ten performances at the Vienna State Opera, paired with Puccini's *Gianni Schicchi*. Otto Edelmann sang Abul, Anton Dermota and Julius Patzak alternated as Nureddin, and Sena Jurinac was Margiana; Otto Ackermann conducted. In mid-1951, the work premiered at the Berlin State Opera under the direction of Ernst Legal. Heinrich Pflanzl, Rudolf Schock, and Elfriede Trötschel (see photo) sang the principal roles, Leopold Ludwig conducted, and the performance was described as "unforgettably enchanting" (Schock).
Schock/Trötschel: live 1951 Berlin
There were also radio broadcasts from Cologne (late 1951, under Joseph Keilberth) and Vienna (late 1952, under Heinrich Hollreiser). Finally, in 1957, there was a radio broadcast from Munich under Hans Gierster, and the first commercial studio recording was released on Columbia (later EMI) under Erich Leinsdorf, featuring Oscar Czerwenka, Nicolai Gedda, and Elisabeth Schwarzkopf.
With this final flourish, the *Barber* revival effectively came to an end. The only subsequent commercial release was a stereo version issued by Eurodisc in 1973 under Heinrich Hollreiser with Adalbert Kraus and Sylvia Geszty. The role of Abul in this recording was sung by the renowned bass Karl Ridderbusch (1932–1997), whose talent had been discovered by Rudolf Schock.
| Karl Ridderbusch |
Rudolf Schock sang in *Der Barbier von Bagdad* as early as 1936 (Duisburg) and 1939 (Braunschweig), indicating that Cornelius’s *Barbier* was indeed occasionally performed at smaller theaters. In any case, Schock did not sing the role of Nureddin during the 1930s, as that would have been noted in his biography. Besides Nureddin, the opera features four other tenor roles: Margiana’s father (Baba Mustapha), two "Muezzins" (mosque officials who call the faithful to prayer from the minaret), and a slave who gets a beating and therefore only needs to wail in a tenor register. I surmise that Rudolf Schock sang one of the Muezzins, though this is merely a guess.
It is also worth noting that the central role of Nureddin was, for decades, sung by *jugendliche* (youthful) and heavier *Heldentenors* (heroic tenors). That cannot have been easy for those voices, which often lacked flexibility. Literature on the opera frequently mentions the difficulty of the role; the singer is required to "glide" rapidly between registers (*passaggio*). The pitch jumps from low to high, from chest voice to head voice and back again. This may explain why the role was later sung primarily by singers possessing the qualities of both a "heroic" and a "lyric" tenor. The young Rudolf Schock, among others, possessed these qualities in the years following World War II, making it logical that he was soon identified as a suitable singer for the role of Nureddin.
- Berlin, 22 May 1947: Act 1, Scene 1 (Nureddin/servants): 'Sanfter Schlummer wiegt ihn ein' with the RIAS Chamber Choir and the RIAS Symphony Orchestra. Conductor: Walter Sieber. (Appears on CDs from Acanta, Delta, Laserlight, etc. Included as a bonus on the complete recording of *The Barber* [of Baghdad] on Gebhardt JGCD 0048-2).
The Berlin chamber choir and symphony orchestra were founded on 16 November 1946 with financial assistance from the Americans and were based in the American sector of Berlin. For nearly a year, intensive work went into selecting choir members and musicians, alongside extensive rehearsals. The first concert took place at the start of the 1947/1948 season at the Titaniapalast. The conductor was Walter Sieber. Schock's earliest recording of the role of Nureddin thus dates from the period between the founding of the choir and orchestra and their first concert; it was first released on LP in 1985. It has since appeared on numerous CDs featuring Schock's opera recitals. The chorus of servants, singing the lovestruck Nureddin to sleep, sounds rather muffled, but Schock's yearning voice is velvety smooth. In 1985, I found this distinctly dreamy recording to be a revelation.
- Hamburg, 22 March 1951: Nureddin-Margiana duet, Act 2: 'O holdes Bild in Engelschöne', with Lore Hoffmann (Margiana) and the Hamburg Radio Orchestra. Conductor: Walter Martin. (Found on Schock opera recital CDs from Acanta, Delta, Relief, etc. Also included as a bonus on the complete recording of *The Barber* [of Baghdad] on Gebhardt JGCD 0048-2).The Act 2 love duet forms the heart of a longer scene featuring the 'Muezzins' (see above) and Abul Hassan beneath the window. The melody is exquisite and really ought to be an operatic hit. The performance by Schock and Hoffmann is sheer delight. In his *Groot Operaboek* (Elsevier, 1959), Leo Riemens suggests that Peter Cornelius intended this duet as a parody of the grand love duet between Tristan and Isolde from Richard Wagner's opera of the same name; Riemens even notes textual similarities. I believe Riemens's hypothesis cannot be correct: Cornelius's opera premiered in 1858, whereas Wagner's *Tristan und Isolde* premiered in 1865. The reverse might actually be the case: the great Wagner drew inspiration from the lesser-known Cornelius (though you shouldn't think I actually believe that!).
- Cologne, 19 December 1951: complete radio performance of *Der Barbier von Bagdad*. Conductor: Joseph Keilberth – GEBHARDT Records JGDC 0048-2. (Bonus: the previously mentioned isolated excerpts from *Barbier* + the Act 1 finale of Albert Lortzing’s *Zar und Zimmermann*, conducted by Walter Martin, featuring Margot Guillaume, Rudolf Schock, and Horst Günther, among others).
Rudolf Schock is the star of the recording. He sings with overwhelming abandon. The young Nureddin becomes hopelessly frustrated by Abul Hassan’s ceaseless stream of words, and the soloist Rudolf Schock completely embodies the hothead he is portraying.
| Kurt Böhme |
Kurt Böhme (1908–1989) rightly adopts an unruffled approach to his role: Cornelius endowed Abul with everything—musically and textually—needed to impress and dominate Nureddin while simultaneously entertaining the listener. Exaggeration would only be detrimental.
Anny Schlemm (born 1929; thus only 22 years old at the time of the recording) is the ideal object of Nureddin’s affection. The soloist and the girlish role merge perfectly. In this performance, Margiana is as young as can be—a major advantage for the listener's mental image of the action. Moreover, Schlemm’s voice sounds warmer here than in her later roles. In the 1970s, she would develop into a formidable character singer, taking on dramatic roles such as Klytämnestra in *Elektra* and Herodias in *Salome* (both operas by Richard Strauss).
The atmospheric singing of the three "Muezzins" beforehand and the ensuing trio with Abul highlight the beauty of the Nureddin-Margiana duet (Act II) even more effectively than the—in itself lovely, yet shorter—standalone recording from March 22, 1951.
This may also be due to the conducting of Joseph Keilberth (1908–1968), who maintains a brisk tempo (making the role of Nureddin even more challenging vocally): the opening scene with Nureddin and the servants lasts less than five minutes—far less dreamy than the distinctive 1947 recording under Sieber, which runs for nearly seven minutes. Yet, as the opera unfolds, one experiences a spirited performance that breathes in sync with the impatient Nureddin’s state of mind. Listening spellbound to the love duet, one ultimately concludes that Keilberth’s approach is the right one.
| Cond. JOSEPH KEILBERTH |
This performance presents the original Cornelius/Liszt version, including the initial B minor overture. I detected no cuts, so this *Barbier von Bagdad* truly earns the label "complete." The technical quality of the source material—once thought lost—must have been limited. However, the resulting recording is acceptable in every respect; given all the beauty the CDs offer, I am happy to overlook the somewhat dry sound and occasional background noise.
- Vienna, December 5, 1952: complete radio performance of *Der Barbier von Bagdad*. Conductor: HEINRICH HOLLREISER – VERONA 27050/51 and PREISER Records 20035. (Bonus on the Preiser release: Gottlob Frick sings famous opera arias).
The Italian label Verona highlights Rudolf Schock on its 1992 CD cover. In 2004, PREISER Records released a tribute to Gottlob Frick, featuring a fine portrait photo (in the CD booklet) and, as a bonus, seven magnificently sung opera arias from the EMI catalogue. Preiser lists the recording date as October 1952. Schock's biography cites December 5, 1952.
Gottlob Frick (1906–1994)—the singer possessing perhaps the most beautiful, 'dark' bass voice of the 20th century—presents a massive, unavoidable obstacle for Nureddin in the role of the Barber. Abul’s entrance, following Nureddin’s emotional aria "Ach, das Leid hab ich getragen, Wie ertrag ich nun mein Glück?", takes on a sacred dimension. Vocally, Abul’s gibberish is of impressive magnificence. One critic finds Gottlob Frick too serious in the role, yet Cornelius’s humor truly comes into its own precisely through the stark contrast between solemn gravity and verbal nonsense (reminding me of a similarly hilarious contrast in Molière’s comedies, where pompous doctors, lawyers, physicists, and philosophers spout their supposed expertise in endless monologues).
I found Joseph Keilberth’s approach to conducting to be the right one, though Heinrich Hollreiser’s (1913–2006) is certainly not to be dismissed. With Hollreiser, everything is more lush and serious; consequently, his interpretation—mirroring the 'high priest' persona of Abul Hassan—further enhances the humorous contrast between form and (textual) content. The tempos are somewhat slower than Keilberth’s (Nureddin’s opening in Act 1 lasts well over five and a half minutes here), but this gives the soloists more opportunity to showcase the full richness of their voices: Rudolf Schock proves capable of even greater vocal virtuosity without sacrificing any passion. Roger Pines (*The Opera Quarterly*, 2004) praises "his sheer abandon of the singing", adding: "Schock navigates superbly through the *passaggio*— an essential skill for singing Nureddin — a feat not even Fritz Wunderlich could have matched. Rudolf Schock throws himself heart and soul into the role of Nureddin, who is lovesick. The introspective repetition of the plea "Mache mein Herz gesund", following the climax of the aria "Vor deinem Fenster die Blumen" moves me every time. Alongside Frick and Schock, Sena Jurinac (b. 1921) provides a third magnificent voice in the role of Margiana, perfectly suiting the conductor's musical interpretation. The same applies to the rich-toned alto of Hilde Rössel-Majdan (also b. 1921) as Bostana. Her duet with Nureddin, in which a clever plan is hatched ("Wenn zum Gebet vom Minarett"), is yet another gem of this opera; here, Hollreiser suddenly opts for a faster tempo than Keilberth. This causes the sung dialogue to unfold amidst an atmosphere of tension and excitement. Among the other—excellent—soloists on the recording, the 23-year-old Walter Berry (1929–2000) can be heard as one of the muezzins.
| Cond. Heinrich Hollreiser |
| Sena Jurinac |
In 1992, the music magazine *Fanfare* placed this recording at the very top of its list, recommending it without reservation. On the Vienna State Opera website, a reviewer identified as "pb" discusses Peter Cornelius's *Der Barbier von Bagdad* under the heading "An attractive rediscovery": "...the radio recording wins one over simply through the singers' clarity of diction... a truly stellar cast: Rudolf Schock... passionate expressiveness; Sena Jurinac... radiant voice; Gottlob Frick... his sparkling bass is in a class of its own. Heinrich Hollreiser makes the gems of this score shine..."
This performance also adheres to the original Cornelius/Liszt version, featuring the first overture—which begins in a notably gentler manner compared to the Keilberth recording. More than ten minutes have been cut—passages that can be heard in the Keilberth recording. The inclusion of certain stage sounds works well, whereas the addition of the occasional (clarifying) phrase does not. The Preiser recording is more spacious than the Verona one, but sounds somewhat 'muffled'. Overall, both recordings are satisfactory.
Krijn de Lege, 19.3.2026
























